Tender Lovemaking

tl;dr: You can return nil from to_ary and to_a.

Today I discovered that it’s OK for to_ary to return nil. Ruby spec tests this behavior, and the
ruby implementation supports it. But why would you want to implement this?

Array#flatten and to_ary

Consider the following code:

class Item
  def respond_to?(name, visibility = false)
    p "respond to: #{name}"
    false # we don't respond to anything!!
  end

  def method_missing(name, *args)
    p "method missing: #{name}"
    super # if something?
    # do something else
  end
end

[[Item.new]].flatten

In Ruby 1.9, flatten will actually call to_ary on each of the items in the collection. If the method table for this object contains to_ary, Ruby will call to_ary, and if method_missing is implemented, it will call method_missing regardless of how your respond_to? returns. The reason ruby will call method_missing is because it could implement to_ary. (As for why it ignores the return value of respond_to?, I don’t know)

Naturally, if we were to call to_ary directly on this object it would raise a NoMethodError exception. When calling flatten, ruby will swallow the exception. If we enable $DEBUG by running ruby with -d, we can see the exception:

[aaron@higgins ~]$ ruby -d test.rb
Exception `LoadError' at /Users/aaron/.local/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.9.1/rubygems.rb:1215 - cannot load such file -- rubygems/defaults/operating_system
Exception `LoadError' at /Users/aaron/.local/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.9.1/rubygems.rb:1224 - cannot load such file -- rubygems/defaults/ruby
"method missing: to_ary"
Exception `NoMethodError' at test.rb:9 - undefined method `to_ary' for #<Item:0x00000101079e80>
"respond to: to_ary"
[aaron@higgins ~]$

Dispatching to method_missing can be expensive, and using exceptions for flow control even more problematic. The way we can get around this issue is by implementing to_ary and having it return nil:

class Item
  def respond_to?(name, visibility = false)
    p "respond to: #{name}"
    false # we don't respond to anything!!
  end

  def method_missing(name, *args)
    p "method missing: #{name}"
    super # if something?
    # do something else
  end

  private
  def to_ary
    nil
  end
end

[[Item.new]].flatten

Run the code again with -d, and you’ll see no more calls to respond_to?, no more calls to method_missing, and no more exceptions raised:

[aaron@higgins ~]$ ruby -d test.rb
Exception `LoadError' at /Users/aaron/.local/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.9.1/rubygems.rb:1215 - cannot load such file -- rubygems/defaults/operating_system
Exception `LoadError' at /Users/aaron/.local/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.9.1/rubygems.rb:1224 - cannot load such file -- rubygems/defaults/ruby
[aaron@higgins ~]$

Array() and to_a

The Array() function exhibits a similar behavior, but with the to_a method. Try this same code, but rather than using Array#flatten, do this:

Array(Item.new)

We can fix the error produced by this code with a slight change to our class:

class Item
  def respond_to?(name, visibility = false)
    p "respond to: #{name}"
    false # we don't respond to anything!!
  end

  def method_missing(name, *args)
    p "method missing: #{name}"
    super # if something?
    # do something else
  end

  private
  def to_ary
    nil
  end
  alias :to_a :to_ary
end

[[Item.new]].flatten
Array(Item.new)

Hmmmm

Are warnings annoying? Yes. Is this strange behavior? I tend to think so. But if I’m forced to deal with a class the implements method_missing, I’d like to reduce the number of calls to method_missing.

Anyway. I hope you found this informative. Have a Happy Tuesday!!!!

<3 <3 <3 <3

Small Side Note

The reason there are exceptions coming from rubygems when -d is enabled is because rubygems attempts to require files that are not shipped with rubygems. These files are for packagers to provide. For example someone packaging rubygems for debian, may need to do customizations and those files are where that happens.